What exactly is ethics?
Basically, ethics is comprised of moral principles and philosophies that governs how a person should behave or when performing an act. Many people argues that ethics are very subjective as being ethical is based on a person's feeling's conscious. In my opinion, this is not entirely correct and I think it the other way instead. Morals and ethics are part of our lifestyles that actually shapes our feelings and emotions. O
Ethics are formed based on a society's concept in believing if a certain action that is performed is considered as right or wrong. This notion creates the norms where everyone will classify these acts as virtue and vice. However, what may be used to be considered as ethically wrong back in the olden days may now be considered as the right thing to do. This is due to the evolution and adaptation of human culture that will shape a new perspective of people's more value in every few generation gap.
Virtue Ethics
Founded by Aristotle, virtue ethics is focused on the role of a person's character and the virtues that embodies them for determining or evaluating an ethical behavior. Technically to say, if an individual are to choose their own personal behavior, they should not perform based on solely relying on the external laws and customs of the their culture. It could be almost certain that if their character is good in the first place, then so will their choices and actions be good too.The most important point of virtue ethics is that their existence is to emphasize on a person's character, not on the actions. Also referred as the Golden Mean, virtue ethics is also presented to the people as a normative ethical theory and the mean lies in between the two extremes of deficiency and excess. Having virtue ethics in a person's upbringing will dictate how one would react in given situations in the end.
Take a conversational situation for an example, if a person were to be deficient with their speech, they would appear to be boorish, being seen as a person with no manners or proper upbringing. However, being excessive in their conversation would make them seem to be in a state of buffoonery, always could never be taken seriously. A balanced virtue mean will be having a knack of wittiness in their speech, presenting themselves with good character.
Basically, ethics is comprised of moral principles and philosophies that governs how a person should behave or when performing an act. Many people argues that ethics are very subjective as being ethical is based on a person's feeling's conscious. In my opinion, this is not entirely correct and I think it the other way instead. Morals and ethics are part of our lifestyles that actually shapes our feelings and emotions. O
Ethics are formed based on a society's concept in believing if a certain action that is performed is considered as right or wrong. This notion creates the norms where everyone will classify these acts as virtue and vice. However, what may be used to be considered as ethically wrong back in the olden days may now be considered as the right thing to do. This is due to the evolution and adaptation of human culture that will shape a new perspective of people's more value in every few generation gap.
Virtue Ethics
Founded by Aristotle, virtue ethics is focused on the role of a person's character and the virtues that embodies them for determining or evaluating an ethical behavior. Technically to say, if an individual are to choose their own personal behavior, they should not perform based on solely relying on the external laws and customs of the their culture. It could be almost certain that if their character is good in the first place, then so will their choices and actions be good too.The most important point of virtue ethics is that their existence is to emphasize on a person's character, not on the actions. Also referred as the Golden Mean, virtue ethics is also presented to the people as a normative ethical theory and the mean lies in between the two extremes of deficiency and excess. Having virtue ethics in a person's upbringing will dictate how one would react in given situations in the end.
Take a conversational situation for an example, if a person were to be deficient with their speech, they would appear to be boorish, being seen as a person with no manners or proper upbringing. However, being excessive in their conversation would make them seem to be in a state of buffoonery, always could never be taken seriously. A balanced virtue mean will be having a knack of wittiness in their speech, presenting themselves with good character.
![Picture](/uploads/2/8/8/0/28807473/2047842.jpg)
Deontology
Founded by a German philosopher Immanuel Kant, he is one of the modern father of Deontological theory. The term deon is originated from the Greek word, which means "duty" and his philosophy of Deontology more theory states that everyone should always be morally bounded to uphold their role and duty ethically regardless of the outcome. This is also part of his normative theory as well due to the fact everyone is accustomized to what to do on certain situations. Whether or not we will be able to save lives of a thousand innocent people, one should never try to do harm to others in order to achieve the goal.
In categorical imperative theory, rationality is always there to judge and guide a person's doing. This theory is named imperative simply because we possesses rational wills, regardless of any situational factors or without any conclusive result that we might or might achieve. Kant has 3 requirements that needs to be considered before it is actually deemed as an ethical action:
1) "Individuals must act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law"
It's a very direct definition, we have to always act the same way as how we expect people to act upon us if we were in the same situation. You scratch my back and I will scratch yours.
2) "We should never use others, and we should respect them as individuals - emphasis is on the intrinsic worth and dignity of rational creatures"
In this case, we should always treat people with the proper respect they deserve. Love them as how we love ourselves and act upon it.
3) “We treat others as autonomous agents, capable of self-directed, rational action”
One should never make a decision that only benefits their own selfish personal desires. Choose the honorable moral decision instead.
Founded by a German philosopher Immanuel Kant, he is one of the modern father of Deontological theory. The term deon is originated from the Greek word, which means "duty" and his philosophy of Deontology more theory states that everyone should always be morally bounded to uphold their role and duty ethically regardless of the outcome. This is also part of his normative theory as well due to the fact everyone is accustomized to what to do on certain situations. Whether or not we will be able to save lives of a thousand innocent people, one should never try to do harm to others in order to achieve the goal.
In categorical imperative theory, rationality is always there to judge and guide a person's doing. This theory is named imperative simply because we possesses rational wills, regardless of any situational factors or without any conclusive result that we might or might achieve. Kant has 3 requirements that needs to be considered before it is actually deemed as an ethical action:
1) "Individuals must act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law"
It's a very direct definition, we have to always act the same way as how we expect people to act upon us if we were in the same situation. You scratch my back and I will scratch yours.
2) "We should never use others, and we should respect them as individuals - emphasis is on the intrinsic worth and dignity of rational creatures"
In this case, we should always treat people with the proper respect they deserve. Love them as how we love ourselves and act upon it.
3) “We treat others as autonomous agents, capable of self-directed, rational action”
One should never make a decision that only benefits their own selfish personal desires. Choose the honorable moral decision instead.
![Picture](/uploads/2/8/8/0/28807473/3980882.jpg)
Citizenship
Citizenship is the process of obtaining/being a citizen of a particular country. In it's simplest form, citizenship is one of the primitive ways of looking at the membership of a particular state. This membership will give the citizen a set of rights while having a set of obligations for them to follow. To be recognized as part of Malaysian citizen, it is a must for us to possess an indentity card. Outsiders will usually required to bring along their passport or visa when visiting our country. Those that have neither of these will be treated as illegal immigrants. If caught by the authorities, the only option for them is to deport them to where they came from or imprisonment.
Having a citizenship is the symbol of belonging for a person to be recognized under the custom or law of a state that grants the citizens to have the rights and duties of a citizenship. This includes the rights to vote, work and live in the country, the right to return to the country, the right to own real estate, legal protections against the country's government, and protection through the military or diplomacy. In return, citizens are also subjected to certain duties, such as a duty to follow the country's law, to pay taxes, or to serve in the military. They are also expected to follow the laws and customs of the country and defend their motherland against her enemies when the time comes.
Three basic elements of citizenship rights according T.H. Marshall:
a) Civil Citizenship
Generally, civil citizenship is societies that should be entitled of their civil rights which composed of the necessary rights for an individual’s freedom. This includes the liberty of the person’s freedom of speech, thought and faith, the right to own properties and to conclude valid contracts. They should also be given the right to obtain justice.
b) Political Citizenship
By default, anyone should be given the right to participate in the exercise of political power as a member of a body invested with political authority or as an elector of the members of such a body, The corresponding institutions are parliament and councils of local government.
c) Social Citizenship
This citizenship includes the different variety of rights ranging from the miniature economic welfare and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilized being based on the fundamental standards in the society. This can be interpreted as covering the entitlements of acquiring social benefits, particularly health care, income security and housing.
Ways of obtaining citizenship
Citizenship is the process of obtaining/being a citizen of a particular country. In it's simplest form, citizenship is one of the primitive ways of looking at the membership of a particular state. This membership will give the citizen a set of rights while having a set of obligations for them to follow. To be recognized as part of Malaysian citizen, it is a must for us to possess an indentity card. Outsiders will usually required to bring along their passport or visa when visiting our country. Those that have neither of these will be treated as illegal immigrants. If caught by the authorities, the only option for them is to deport them to where they came from or imprisonment.
Having a citizenship is the symbol of belonging for a person to be recognized under the custom or law of a state that grants the citizens to have the rights and duties of a citizenship. This includes the rights to vote, work and live in the country, the right to return to the country, the right to own real estate, legal protections against the country's government, and protection through the military or diplomacy. In return, citizens are also subjected to certain duties, such as a duty to follow the country's law, to pay taxes, or to serve in the military. They are also expected to follow the laws and customs of the country and defend their motherland against her enemies when the time comes.
Three basic elements of citizenship rights according T.H. Marshall:
a) Civil Citizenship
Generally, civil citizenship is societies that should be entitled of their civil rights which composed of the necessary rights for an individual’s freedom. This includes the liberty of the person’s freedom of speech, thought and faith, the right to own properties and to conclude valid contracts. They should also be given the right to obtain justice.
b) Political Citizenship
By default, anyone should be given the right to participate in the exercise of political power as a member of a body invested with political authority or as an elector of the members of such a body, The corresponding institutions are parliament and councils of local government.
c) Social Citizenship
This citizenship includes the different variety of rights ranging from the miniature economic welfare and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilized being based on the fundamental standards in the society. This can be interpreted as covering the entitlements of acquiring social benefits, particularly health care, income security and housing.
Ways of obtaining citizenship
- nationality or citizenship. The place of birth of the child determines their citizenship regardless if their parents are illegal immigrants or not locals around the area. Jus soli (birth place) -This is an unconditional rule that gives the right to anyone that is born in the territory of a state to automatically obtain a
- Jus sanguinis (right of blood) - This on the other hand works the opposite way in comparison with Jus Soli. The child's place of birth are not taken into account. However, the citizenship of either the parents will decide the nationality of the child. Children at birth will only be automatically be citizens of that state only if their parents have state citizenship or national identities of ethnic, cultural or other origins.
- Marriage - Another way to obtain a citizenship if you are not born at the country is through marriage with another citizen from the other country. Different countries will have different terms and condition before one could obtain citizenship in the country even if one is married to their citizen. For example in US, one will go through a lengthy process of obtaining a Green Card before they are even considered as part of the citizen, even through marriage. As for Malaysia, outsiders will need to apply for a spouse VISA for a duration of 5 years living together as husband and wife. Only then a PR status is applicable before one could have a job in Malaysia and then they could obtain a citizenship in Malaysia after another 10 more years.